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      spurge 
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      spurge (spûrj), common name for members of the Euphorbiaceae, a family of 
      herbs, shrubs, and trees of greatly varied structure and almost 
      cosmopolitan distribution, although most species are tropical. In the 
      United States the family is most common in the Southeast. EuphorbiasMany 
      plants of the spurge family have reduced fleshy leaves, in particular the 
      vast Euphorbia genus of approximately 1,600 subtropical and warm-temperate 
      species. These cactuslike plants, comprising most of the species commonly 
      called spurge, have spiny, jointed stems and are among the most common Old 
      World desert succulents. The euphorbias and the cacti illustrate the 
      biological phenomenon of convergent evolution, in which unrelated groups 
      of organisms, subject to the same environmental pressures, gradually 
      develop similar structures. The euphorbias exhibit another family trait: 
      "naked flowers" (i.e., flowers lacking petals and sometimes sepals) that 
      are enclosed in a bract envelope, from which they emerge during the 
      flowering period to permit pollination.
      Many species are cultivated for their brilliant, showy bracts as well as 
      for their frequently colorful foliage. These include snow-on-the-mountain 
      (E. marginata), native to the United States; the cypress spurge (E. 
      cyparissias), a favored cemetery plant that was introduced from Europe and 
      naturalized; the scarlet-bracted greenhouse plant crown-of-thorns (E. 
      splendens), native to Madagascar; and the poinsettia (for J. R. Poinsett 
      Poinsett, Joel Roberts (poin`sĕt), 1779–1851, American diplomat and 
      politician, b. Charleston, S.C.
      ..... Click the link for more information. ), an ornamental shrub native 
      to Central America. The poinsettia (E. pulcherrima), whose several species 
      are sometimes considered a separate genus (Poinsettia), is a popular 
      Christmas decoration with its large rosettes of usually bright-red bracts.
      Other Spurges and Their UsesMany spurges are of great economic importance 
      as a source of food, drugs, rubber, and other products. The sap of most 
      species is a milky latex, and the source of a very large part of the 
      world's natural rubber rubber, any solid substance that upon vulcanization 
      becomes elastic; the term includes natural rubber ( caoutchouc ) and 
      synthetic rubber. The term elastomer
      ..... Click the link for more information.  is the latex of the Pará 
      rubber tree Pará rubber tree (pärä`), large tree (Hevea brasiliensis
      ..... Click the link for more information. . Pará rubber and several other 
      latexes also come from plants of the spurge family. The tropical American 
      Manihot genus includes the cassava cassava (kəsä`və) or manioc
      ..... Click the link for more information. , the source of tapioca and the 
      most important tropical root crop next to the sweet potato.
      Other valuable commercial products of this family are castor oil castor 
      oil, yellowish oil obtained from the seed of the castor bean . The oil 
      content of the seeds varies from about 20% to 50%. After the hulls are 
      removed the seeds are cold-pressed.
      ..... Click the link for more information.  and tung oil tung oil, oil 
      obtained from the seeds of a tropical tree, the tung tree (Aleurites 
      fordii) of the spurge family, and from seeds of some related species, all 
      from Indomalesia or W Pacifica. It is known also as China wood oil and nut 
      oil.
      ..... Click the link for more information. , expressed from the seeds of 
      Ricinus communis and Aleurites fordii respectively. The castor bean castor 
      bean, bean produced by Ricinus communis, a plant of the spurge family, 
      widely cultivated as an ornamental. Moles die when they eat the roots. It 
      has long been used as an ordeal poison in parts of Africa.
      ..... Click the link for more information. , the source of castor oil, is 
      native to tropical Africa, where it grows as a tree, but is now widespread 
      and is sometimes cultivated in temperate regions as an annual ornamental. 
      The tung tree, indigenous to E Asia and Malaysia, is the only important 
      plant of the spurge family cultivated commercially in the United States. 
      The candlenut tree (A. moluccana) and the Japanese wood oil tree (A. 
      cordata), of the same genus as the tung tree, also yield oils, as does the 
      Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum), a source of grease for candles and 
      soap.
      Various spurges provide medicines, dyes, oils, and other products; 
      primitive peoples utilized the poisonous saps of other spurges on arrow 
      tips and to poison fish. The presence of poisonous substances in many 
      euphorbias and in a number of other spurges has led these to be classed as 
      noxious pests, especially when they grow as weeds on livestock ranges.
      ClassificationSpurge is classified in the division Magnoliophyta 
      Magnoliophyta (măg'nōlēŏf`ətə)
      ..... Click the link for more information. , class Magnoliopsida, order 
      Euphorbiales, family Euphorbiaceae.


      The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia® Copyright © 2007, Columbia 
      University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights 
      reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/



      spurge

      Spurge (Euphorbia venata)
      (credit: Valerie Finnis)One of the largest flowering-plant genera 
      (Euphorbia), with more than 1,600 species. It takes its common name from a 
      group of annual herbs used as purgatives, or spurges. Many spurges are 
      important as ornamentals or as sources of drugs; many others are weeds. 
      One of the best-known is the poinsettia. Euphorbia is part of the family 
      Euphorbiaceae, which contains about 7,500 species of flowering annual and 
      perennial herbs and woody shrubs or trees in 275 genera; most are found in 
      temperate and tropical regions. Flowers usually lack petals; those of 
      Euphorbia are borne in cup-shaped clusters. The fruit is a capsule. Leaves 
      are usually simple. The stems of many species contain a milky latex. In 
      addition to Euphorbia, economically important family members include the 
      castor-oil plant, croton, cassava, and rubber tree.
      For more information on spurge, visit Britannica.com. Britannica Concise 
      Encyclopedia. Copyright © 1994-2008 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.


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